At the beginning of May this year, the Ministry of Land and Resources and other six departments jointly issued the "Implementation Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of Green Mines" to promote the construction of green mines. The development of green mining is an inevitable choice and the only way for the sustainable development of mining enterprises. It is an inevitable requirement for transforming resource utilization and an inevitable choice for ecological civilization construction. The development of green mining has entered the national strategic level. The following small series will take you systematically to understand the "green mine" from four aspects.
First, what is a green mine
“Green mine†refers to the whole process of mineral resources development. It is necessary to strictly implement scientific and orderly mining, and to control the disturbance of the mining area and surrounding environment within the controllable range of the environment. For the part that must destroy the disturbance, it should ensure the existence, development and end of the mine through scientific design, advanced and reasonable effective measures, always coordinate with the surrounding environment, and integrate into a new mining image in the social sustainable development track. .
Green mine construction is a complex system engineering. It represents the overall level of mining development and utilization in a region and the potential for sustainable development, as well as the ability to maintain the balance of the ecological environment. It focuses on the scientific, orderly and rational development and utilization of mine resources, and it will inevitably produce pollution, mine geological disasters, ecological damage imbalance, and maximize restoration or transformation and innovation.
Second, how to build a green mine?
Green exploration - protecting the ecological environment from the source
Green mine construction begins with a green exploration. Green exploration and development is to minimize the impact on the ecological environment during the exploration and development of minerals, and to achieve controllable, recoverable and acceptable ecological environment disturbances.
Experts say this - Hao Meiying interprets green mine construction requirements
At the beginning of May this year, the Ministry of Land and Resources and other six departments jointly issued the "Implementation Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of Green Mines" to promote the construction of green mines. Hao Meiying, Director of the Geological Survey Department of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, interprets the requirements for the construction of this green mine:
1. Adopt environmentally friendly development and utilization methods
The basic principle in the development process is to adopt an environment-friendly development and utilization method:
â—† In terms of mining methods, mining enterprises should minimize the disturbance and damage to the natural environment, and combine the actual situation of the mine with the current development level of China to determine the optimal and most suitable mining method. It is necessary to set conditions for different ore bodies, adopt reasonable and advanced mining methods, optimize the parameters of stope structure, rock drilling, blasting, etc., so as to reduce the ore loss rate and depletion rate, and improve the mining recovery rate (open-pit mining, ore-poor Under the premise of not exceeding 10%, the mining recovery rate should reach 90% and above; in underground mining, within the scope of designing ore depletion rate, when the surrounding rock is stable, the mining recovery rate is not less than 85%, and the surrounding rock is not stable. When the temperature is not less than 80%, the surrounding rock is not less than 75% when it is not stable. It reduces ground subsidence, reduces land occupation, reduces environmental pollution, and must not adopt restrictions and elimination technologies.
â—† In terms of smelting and smelting methods, it is necessary to use high-efficiency smelting methods to optimize the beneficiation process, improve the grinding process, rationally use flotation reagents, and improve the recovery rate of ore processing (the easy-to-treat ore beneficiation recovery rate is not less than 80%). The refractory ore is not less than 70%, and the low grade ore is not less than 50%). For complex were associated with the performance and characteristics of gold concentrate, to be used to process gold ore beneficiation joint pretreatment and post-treatment, while maximizing the recovery of gold and silver, improve the comprehensive utilization of associated mineral resources (gold and Other minerals are symbiotic, the comprehensive utilization rate is not less than 60%; gold is associated with other minerals, and the comprehensive utilization rate is not less than 40%).
â—† In terms of energy saving and consumption reduction, it is necessary to establish a production process energy consumption accounting system to control and reduce energy consumption, material consumption and water consumption per unit of product. Mining outdoor unit energy consumption is not higher than 1.1 kg standard coal / ton, underground mining is lower than the national standard limit value, lower than the national standard for new mines entry value.
◆ In terms of energy consumption of products in the smelting unit, it is necessary to encourage mining enterprises to pass energy-saving technological transformation and strengthen energy-saving supervision to meet the advanced values ​​stipulated by national standards.
â—† In terms of waste discharge and treatment, it is necessary to select a reasonable mining process to reduce the discharge of solid waste. Proper disposal of mine solid waste should have special accumulation sites, and comply with safety, environmental protection, monitoring and other regulations, take measures to prevent dust, leakage or other secondary pollution, and must not shed into the mine area or cause pollution. . The proper disposal rate of solid waste such as cyanide tailings should reach 100%.
â—† In dust treatment, the dust concentration should not exceed 2 g/m3, and the dust pass rate should reach over 95%. The dust generated in the mining process should be treated by spraying, watering, wet rock drilling, dust removal, etc. The atmospheric environmental quality of the mining area should meet the Class II standard of the Ambient Air Quality Standard.
â—† In terms of noise processing, low-noise process equipment is used to control noise from the sound source. For rock drilling, crushing, air pressure and other equipment, noise treatment should be carried out through measures such as noise reduction, vibration reduction and vibration isolation, so that it meets the Class 2 standard in the Acoustic Environmental Quality Standard (GB3096-2008).
â—† In the aspect of wastewater treatment, the wastewater should be recycled after treatment, and efforts should be made to achieve closed-circuit circulation. The parts that have not been recycled should be discharged after reaching the standard. The cyanide-containing wastewater should be recycled with cyanide and discharged after cyanide treatment. Domestic sewage has proper treatment measures and is not arbitrarily discharged. The discharge of wastewater from the mining area shall comply with relevant national standards. The total discharge of COD (organic pollution parameters) and heavy metals in discharged wastewater is in compliance with the current national total pollutant control indicators.
â—† In terms of geological environment management restoration and land reclamation, it is necessary to strictly follow the resource development and utilization plan, the mine geological environment management restoration plan, and the land reclamation plan at the same time, design, and simultaneously put into production and management to ensure that the mining environment is timely and restore. In the closed pit mining area (mining area), the mines occupying and destroying the land should be fully reclaimed within 3 years of closed pits, and the ecological reclamation rate is not less than 90%. Temporary land use for mines shall be carried out in phases, and the quality of land reclamation will meet the relevant national standards and achieve the purpose of intensive land use and traceless mining.
2. Comprehensive utilization of gold and associated resources
First of all, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate gold and its associated resources, and adopt reasonable utilization and disposal processes to ensure the comprehensive utilization of gold and associated resources. Encourage the use of joint smelting process to treat complex companion gold concentrates, improve the recovery rate of gold and silver and the comprehensive utilization rate of copper , lead , zinc , sulfur and other associated resources (when gold is coexisting with other minerals, the comprehensive utilization rate is not low) At 60%; when gold is associated with other minerals, the comprehensive utilization rate is not less than 40%).
Secondly, it is necessary to classify and rationally treat solid waste such as tailings and waste rock; promote waste rock to not produce well, comprehensively utilize valuable elements in tailings; encourage the use of mine solids under the premise of ensuring no secondary pollution The waste is used to fill the goaf and to control the subsidence area as building materials.
Thirdly, it is necessary to control the generation of wastewater from the source, implement decontamination and diversion, make full use of mine water, recycle ore dressing water, and the reuse rate of ore dressing wastewater should generally reach 85% or more; For water, such as ecology and farmland, the water quality should meet the requirements of the corresponding standards; the domestic wastewater should be disposed of at the standard and fully used for greening in the field.
Finally, it is necessary to develop a circular economy in the mine and establish a circular economy development model of “low consumption, high output, low emissions, recycling and sustainable†in accordance with the circular economy principle of “reduction, reuse and resource utilizationâ€. The development of circular economy will be an important way to adjust the industrial structure, creating a refined and deep processing production model of “resources-products-waste-renewable resourcesâ€. Taking the efficient use of resources and recycling as the core, we will build a comprehensive recycling industrial chain of gold and silver, and realize industrial upgrading and recycling development. We will achieve “recycling of mineral resources†and recycling of waste water to achieve clean production. .
3. Building a modern digital mine
First, it is necessary to strengthen the upgrading of technological process equipment, adopt new energy-efficient technologies, new processes, new equipment and new materials, and timely eliminate high-energy, high-pollution, low-efficiency processes and equipment, in line with the Ministry of Land and Resources. Catalogue of Encouragement, Restriction and Elimination of Mineral Resources and Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources.
Second, encourage mechanization to reduce people, automate substitutions, realize mechanization of mining, and optimize the process of metallurgy. The numerical control rate of key production processes is not less than 70%.
Third, production management information. Information technology, network technology, control technology, and intelligent technology should be adopted to realize the informationization of gold mine enterprise management, production decision-making, safety production management and equipment control.
Fourth, establish a comprehensive disaster monitoring system and early warning mechanism, personnel vehicle positioning system, network monitoring system, etc., to achieve real-time monitoring of production processes to ensure production safety.
Fifth, encourage the establishment of science and technology innovation platforms for production, education and research, and foster innovative teams so that the research and development funds of mines are not less than 1% of the main business income of the previous year.
Third, the national construction of green mining development demonstration zone
National Construction of Green Mining Development Demonstration Zone Huzhou: Ten Years of Governing Manchu Green Industry Re-creation
Since 2003, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province has adopted a variety of measures such as social participation and industrial integration, and has embarked on a new model of comprehensive management of old and abandoned mines. At the end of last year, in the “National Mineral Resources Planning 2016-2020†approved by the State Council, Huzhou was listed as a national demonstration zone for green mining development.
An ecological village rising from abandoned mine pits
Together with the newly built village committee office building, fitness plaza, farmer's market and townhouses that can accommodate more than 300 residents, a garden-style village with period features is formed.
Garden-style village built on abandoned mine pit in Dongheng Village, Luoshe Town, Deqing County, Huzhou City
In the past Dongheng Village, the environmental problems caused by the quarry expansion were outstanding, especially the dust in the air. In the worst case, the villagers did not even dare to open the windows. For a time, doing a "dust-proof work" has become the most important thing for people living here. In order to change the increasingly degraded environment, since 2003, the local government has made up its mind to rectify the mine problem. By the end of 2009, all 18 mines in Dongheng Village had been shut down. Under the guidance of the local government, Dongheng Village comprehensively promoted the comprehensive improvement of rural land. Up to now, Dongheng Village has produced a total of 1714.56 acres of paddy fields by leveling the land, demolishing old and reclaiming land. Here, a few years ago, the mountains and rocks were bare, the traces of the smashing of the quarrying pits could not be found, and the ecological and livable became the new business cards here.
Industrial restructuring from resource output to ecological restoration
Through ecological greening, landscape reconstruction, land development, reclamation of cultivated land, villages of mines and construction of platforms, the abandoned mines will be transferred from environmental resources and ecological conservation after exporting from resources. At the site of the Renhuangshan abandoned mining area treatment project in the center of Huzhou, the mine pit was transformed into a clear water pond with a landscape pavilion, and a beautiful mining park, which became a place for leisure and fitness of Huzhou citizens.
The pavilion pavilion, the picturesque area of ​​the abandoned mining area of ​​Renhuang Mountain covered with greenery
In the Tangzishan mining area, the abandoned mine with a total area of ​​255,000 square meters has been planned to be a permanent greening land after the renovation. In 2015, the most beautiful “ecological driving school†in Zhejiang was built. The mines that had been ruined in the past have been covered by osmanthus trees, eucalyptus, red maple, heather, pine and shrubs. In the green area, on the newly built cement road, more than a dozen large passenger and cargo coaches are in the process of simulating the orderly transportation of highways, tunnels and other transportation facilities.
After the transformation, the Tangzishan mining area was built as an “ecological driving schoolâ€.
Model innovation makes Huzhou dare to say that mining is the most emboldened
Taking mine governance as an important foundation and key breakthrough in ecological civilization construction, the work objectives are decomposed into every operational and achievable detail, and comprehensive control is carried out from the system level to ensure that each link is solidly promoted and forms an overall support. Since Huzhou began to promote comprehensive mine management in 2003, the annual governance rate has increased from 15% to 60%, relying on system control and hierarchical management. It is understood that in 2016, Huzhou achieved another breakthrough in mine management, and completed 32 old and abandoned mines in the whole year. This year, the new municipal party committee and municipal government further intensified their work and listed mine greening as one of the 26 major issues that need to be implemented urgently. According to the plan, at the end of this year, Huzhou will complete the disposal of 28 abandoned mines.
Comprehensive development project of concentrated mining area in Luoshe Town, Deqing County
“In order to rectify abandoned mines, we combined them with land reclamation, village remediation, new rural construction, tourism resource development, landscape construction, etc., which not only eliminated the safety hazards of mine slopes, but also improved the ecological environment and realized ecological and safety. The three major benefits of the land." Gong Xizheng said that it is such a good idea to let Huzhou out of the most sturdy mine management model. In March of this year, Huzhou released the first local standard for the “Green Mine Construction Codeâ€. Comprehensive energy efficiency tracking management is carried out from mining sources such as mine construction, production scale, surface water environment, noise emission, dust concentration, and waste disposal. This is the accumulation of experience in mine management in Huzhou for more than a decade. It is also the embodiment of the government's determination of ecological construction in the context of the "two mountains" theory.
Located in Donghong Village, Tunxi Town, Wuxing District, it was transformed into a waste mining area in the Shekang Mountain, which is transformed into a thousand acres of Chashan.
One hand grasps the comprehensive management and ecological restoration of old and abandoned mines, and grasps the coordinated management of mining economy and environmental protection. The two-pronged approach allows Huzhou to win a good situation in the development of green mining. Statistics show that up to now, Huzhou has completed 304 abandoned mines, including 43 provincial demonstration projects, with a total of more than 16,000 mu of rehabilitated green land and more than 24,000 mu of reclaimed cultivated land, forming more than 23,000 mu of land for construction. At the end of last year, in the “National Mineral Resources Planning 2016-2020†approved by the State Council, Huzhou was listed as a national demonstration zone for green mining development.
4. Green mine development will enter the new stage and will receive policy support.
The 2017 China Mining Cycle Economy and Green Mine Forum was successfully held. Li Yongjie, chief planner of the Ministry of Land and Resources, said at the opening forum that it will strive to form a new mining development model that meets the requirements of ecological civilization construction by 2020; all new mines must meet the requirements of green mine construction, and the production mines should be upgraded and upgraded to meet the requirements.
At present, the construction of green mines has gone through 10 years of history, and continuous progress has been made in exploring the development of green mining. The construction of green mines and the path of green mining have become the elements of social consensus and mining development concepts. The development of China's mining industry has accelerated markedly, and green development has steadily advanced. 661 state-level green mine pilot units have been formed, and green development has achieved remarkable results.
"A decade of practice has proved that the construction of green mines is an important direction and work of mineral resources management and mining development under the new situation." Li Yongjie said that he also introduced the three goals and four of the green mining industry during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period. Key tasks. The three major objectives are to basically form a new pattern of green mine construction, form a new way for the transformation and development of green mining, and establish and improve the three major systems for green mine development. The four key tasks are to accelerate the pace of green mine construction at all levels and promote green mining. Develop demonstration zone construction, establish a green mine construction standard system, and establish a long-term mechanism conducive to the development of green mines
Li Yongjie also said that the Ministry of Land and Resources and relevant state ministries and commissions have studied and formulated support policies for green mining enterprises from the aspects of mineral resources management, mine construction land, fiscal and tax support, and green financial support. For the implementation of the mining quotas and mining rights of the total amount of regulated minerals, in line with the national industrial policy, priority is given to the green mines and green mining development demonstration zones. Mining rights that meet the conditions of the transfer of the agreement allow for preferential transfer to the green mining enterprise by agreement. In the adjustment and improvement of the overall land use planning, all localities should incorporate the land for project construction required for green mine construction into planning and overall planning, and give priority to ensuring the rational new construction land demand for new construction, renovation and expansion of green mines in the annual land use plan. For mining land, after the formalities for construction land use in accordance with the law, it may be transferred, leased or rented after agreement; if the land is to be delivered, the land use may be no higher than the legal maximum according to the mining production cycle, mining period and other factors. Under the premise of the transfer period, flexible selection of the land use right transfer period, the implementation of flexible transfer, and in the land transfer contract agreed to pay the land transfer price in installments.
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